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Related Concept Videos

Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process information is...
Cognitive Therapy01:25

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...
Metacognition01:26

Metacognition

Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
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High-Level and Low-Level Awareness01:19

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Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...

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A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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Published on: July 16, 2015

A light in the cognitive fog?

Matthias Cavassini1, Renaud A Du Pasquier

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Matthias.cavassini@chuv.ch

Antiviral Therapy
|March 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A revised CNS penetration-effectiveness (CPE) score better predicts cognitive impairment in individuals with HIV, even with undetectable plasma viral loads. Further studies are needed to confirm its validity for guiding HIV treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurovirology
  • Pharmacology
  • Cognitive Neurology

Background:

  • HIV can persist in the central nervous system (CNS), potentially causing neurocognitive disorders despite controlled plasma viral loads.
  • The CNS penetration-effectiveness (CPE) score was developed to guide the selection of antiretroviral therapy (ART) based on CNS drug penetration.
  • The clinical relevance and predictive accuracy of existing CPE scores for CNS-related outcomes remain under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare the predictive capacity of two versions of the CNS penetration-effectiveness (CPE) score for cognitive dysfunction in individuals with HIV.
  • To determine if a revised CPE score offers improved prediction of cognitive impairment compared to the original score.

Main Methods:

  • The study involved HIV-infected individuals, assessing their cognitive function.
  • Two versions of the CPE score (original and revised) were calculated for each individual based on their ART regimen.
  • Statistical analyses were performed to correlate CPE scores with the presence and severity of cognitive impairment.

Main Results:

  • The revised CPE score demonstrated a significant association with cognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals.
  • The original CPE score did not show a comparable association with cognitive dysfunction.
  • These findings suggest the revised CPE score may be more effective in identifying individuals at risk for neurocognitive disorders.

Conclusions:

  • A revised CNS penetration-effectiveness (CPE) score shows improved predictive value for cognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals.
  • The findings support the potential utility of the revised CPE score in clinical practice for managing CNS complications of HIV.
  • Further prospective studies are recommended to validate the revised CPE score's effectiveness in guiding treatment decisions and improving patient outcomes.