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Related Concept Videos

Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
Scale-Up Processes01:14

Scale-Up Processes

The scale-up of microbial fermentation processes is essential in industrial biotechnology, allowing the transition from laboratory-scale experiments to commercial-scale production while aiming to maintain product yield and quality. This process requires meticulous adjustment of equipment design, process parameters, and contamination control strategies to accommodate increasing culture volumes.At the laboratory scale, cultures are typically maintained in 1 to 10-liter glass or autoclavable...
Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
National Nursing Organizations II01:30

National Nursing Organizations II

Nursing organizations play a vital role in representing nurses working in specialized clinical settings, such as the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN).
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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

BioMEMS: Forging New Collaborations Between Biologists and Engineers
07:26

BioMEMS: Forging New Collaborations Between Biologists and Engineers

Published on: November 1, 2007

Academic institutions and industry: bridging the gap.

Karl G Hofbauer1

  • 1Professor for Applied Pharmacology University of Basel, Biozentrum/Pharmazentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland +41 61 267 1645 ; +41 61 267 2208 ; karl.hofbauer@unibas.ch.

Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery
|March 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Academic institutions and industry rely on scientific exchange, but mobility faces obstacles due to differing goals. Scientists need flexibility to navigate these distinct work environments for successful innovation.

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Area of Science:

  • Interdisciplinary science
  • Industry-academia collaboration

Background:

  • Academia and industry are distinct yet interdependent entities.
  • Innovation relies on the exchange of scientific information and talent.
  • Significant barriers hinder scientist mobility between sectors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and discuss characteristics of academic versus industrial work environments.
  • To highlight the challenges scientists face when transitioning between sectors.
  • To emphasize the need for adaptability in scientist mobility.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of academic and industrial work environments.
  • Discussion of differing institutional goals and objectives.
  • Identification of key characteristics defining each sector's work culture.

Main Results:

  • Academic work is characterized by focused, cyclical progression around research topics.
  • Industrial work is dynamic, with rapidly changing project demands and directions.
  • Successful transitions require scientists to possess high adaptability.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the distinct nature of academic and industrial environments is crucial.
  • Addressing obstacles to scientist mobility can foster greater innovation.
  • Promoting flexibility among scientists is key to bridging the academic-industry gap.