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Related Concept Videos

Ascites01:19

Ascites

DefinitionAscites is the buildup of fluid inside the peritoneal cavity. It occurs when fluid moves out of the vascular system faster than the peritoneal lymphatics can remove it. This fluid shift is most commonly seen in liver cirrhosis but can also appear in several other systemic disorders.EtiologyCirrhosis remains the leading cause of ascites. Other conditions that can contribute include:Heart failureConstrictive pericarditisAbdominal cancersNephrotic syndromeSevere protein–calorie...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Hepatic Portal System01:21

Hepatic Portal System

The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
At its core, the hepatic portal vein is the result of a confluence of the superior and inferior mesenteric veins along with the splenic vein. Each of these veins has a unique role. The superior mesenteric vein is responsible...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
08:59

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

Published on: December 3, 2020

ITP: hematology's Cosette from Les Misérables.

V Koneti Rao1

  • 1National Institutes of Health, USA.

Blood
|March 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Adding rituximab to high-dose dexamethasone in newly diagnosed primary immune thrombocytopenia patients resulted in higher sustained response rates. This combination therapy offers improved outcomes for adults with ITP.

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by low platelet counts.
  • Current first-line treatments for ITP include corticosteroids, but sustained responses can be variable.
  • Identifying optimal first-line therapies is crucial for improving long-term patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of adding rituximab to high-dose dexamethasone as a first-line treatment for adult primary immune thrombocytopenia.
  • To determine if this combination therapy leads to higher sustained response rates compared to standard treatments.

Main Methods:

  • The study analyzed data from the largest multicenter cohort to date of newly diagnosed adult patients with primary ITP.

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Intravital Microscopy Imaging of the Liver following Leishmania Infection: An Assessment of Hepatic Hemodynamics

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  • Patients received either high-dose dexamethasone alone or in combination with rituximab as first-line therapy.
  • Sustained response rates were assessed over a defined follow-up period.

    • Main Results:

    • Addition of rituximab (RTX) to high-dose dexamethasone (DEX) resulted in significantly higher sustained response rates in newly diagnosed adult patients with primary ITP.
    • The combination therapy demonstrated improved efficacy in achieving and maintaining adequate platelet counts.
    • This multicenter cohort represents the largest dataset to date for this specific therapeutic approach.

    Conclusions:

    • First-line therapy combining rituximab with high-dose dexamethasone is more effective in achieving sustained responses for adult primary immune thrombocytopenia.
    • This treatment strategy offers a promising advancement in managing newly diagnosed ITP patients.
    • Further research may explore long-term safety and efficacy profiles of this combined regimen.