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Related Concept Videos

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I01:13

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I

Compendial dissolution methods are standardized procedures defined by pharmacopeias to evaluate the rate at which a drug dissolves in a specific medium. These methods ensure batch-to-batch consistency, enable quality control, and support the prediction of drug bioavailability. They are critical for both immediate and modified-release drug products.The apparatuses used for dissolution testing differ in their design and mechanical function, but all aim to simulate the physiological environment of...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

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Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

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Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients, maintaining...
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In vitro dissolution and drug release tests assess how quickly and how much of a drug is released from its dosage form into an aqueous medium under standardized laboratory conditions. These tests are essential tools in pharmaceutical development and quality assurance, offering insight into the drug's performance before clinical use.During formulation development, dissolution testing identifies incomplete or inconsistent drug release issues. It also supports decisions on selecting the optimal...

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Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure
08:25

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Published on: June 5, 2020

In vitro models for liver toxicity testing.

Valerie Y Soldatow1, Edward L Lecluyse, Linda G Griffith

  • 1Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Toxicology Research
|March 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores traditional and novel in vitro liver models for toxicity testing. Emerging systems like 3D constructs and stem cell derivatives offer improved physiological relevance and reproducibility over current methods.

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Published on: March 30, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Toxicology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Established in vitro liver models, including primary hepatocytes and cell lines, are crucial for assessing chemical and drug toxicity.
  • These traditional models face limitations such as low throughput, reduced viability, and diminished liver-specific functions.
  • Addressing these shortcomings is essential for advancing drug safety and chemical risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare traditional and novel in vitro liver models for toxicity assessment.
  • To highlight the challenges and opportunities presented by various liver model systems.
  • To provide insights into the development of more physiologically relevant in vitro models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on in vitro liver models for toxicity testing.
  • Categorization of models into traditional (e.g., primary hepatocytes, cell lines) and novel (e.g., 3D constructs, co-cultures, stem cell-derived models).
  • Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each model system regarding functionality, viability, and throughput.

Main Results:

  • Traditional models like primary hepatocytes and cell lines are widely used but suffer from limited throughput and functionality.
  • Novel approaches, including 3D tissue constructs, bioartificial livers, co-cultures, and stem cell-derived hepatocytes, aim to enhance physiological relevance.
  • These advanced models offer potential for improved reproducibility and assessment of individual-specific toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Novel in vitro liver models show promise in overcoming the limitations of traditional systems.
  • The integration of features like fluid flow and co-culture systems enhances the physiological environment for liver cells.
  • Stem cell technology offers a scalable and reproducible source of hepatocytes for toxicity testing, paving the way for more accurate drug safety evaluations.