Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Regional DTI Metrics as Predictor of Early Developmental Outcome in Term Neonates with HIE.

Indian journal of pediatrics·2026
Same author

Coati optimization algorithm to recover the secret key of the classical transposition cryptosystem.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Indian Society of Periodontology Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for dental pain management and use of analgesics.

Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology·2026
Same author

Strategic beginnings: In to continued traditions.

Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology·2026
Same author

Outcomes of acute kidney injury in critically ill adults with tropical acute febrile illness: Prospective observational study.

World journal of critical care medicine·2026
Same author

Pharmaco-Epigenomic response of Pimozide is mediated through miR-2909.

Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications
09:39

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

Published on: February 7, 2021

Insulin delivery through nasal route using thiolated microspheres.

Tarang Nema1, Ashish Jain, Aviral Jain

  • 1Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dr H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P. , India.

Drug Delivery
|March 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Developed thiolated microspheres show enhanced mucoadhesion and insulin permeation for nasal delivery. This novel approach significantly reduces blood glucose levels in diabetic rabbits, offering a promising alternative for insulin administration.

More Related Videos

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice
07:15

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Published on: April 8, 2013

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
05:44

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Published on: November 14, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications
09:39

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

Published on: February 7, 2021

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice
07:15

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Published on: April 8, 2013

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
05:44

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Insulin delivery faces challenges with oral and parenteral routes.
  • Nasal delivery offers a non-invasive alternative but requires enhanced mucoadhesion and permeation.
  • Thiolated polymers present a strategy to improve nasal drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate thiolated microspheres for nasal insulin delivery.
  • To assess the mucoadhesion, drug release, and permeation characteristics of thiolated microspheres.
  • To investigate the in vivo efficacy of nasal insulin delivered via thiolated microspheres in diabetic rabbits.

Main Methods:

  • Cysteine immobilization on carbopol using EDAC to create thiolated microspheres.
  • Characterization of microspheres: particle size, shape, drug content, swellability, mucoadhesion, and in vitro release.
  • In vitro permeation studies using goat nasal mucosa.
  • In vivo efficacy study in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rabbits, monitoring blood glucose levels.

Main Results:

  • Thiolated microspheres exhibited significantly higher mucoadhesion compared to nonthiolated ones.
  • In vitro insulin permeation through goat nasal mucosa was enhanced by thiolated microspheres (78.85% vs 52.62% in 6h).
  • Nasal administration of insulin-loaded thiolated microspheres resulted in a greater reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rabbits (75.25% vs 31.23% reduction).

Conclusions:

  • Thiolated microspheres demonstrate superior mucoadhesion and permeation for nasal insulin delivery.
  • This formulation effectively lowers blood glucose levels in a diabetic rabbit model.
  • Thiolated microspheres represent a promising strategy for non-invasive, effective insulin therapy via the nasal route.