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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Laser-Induced Action Potential-Like Measurements of Cardiomyocytes on Microelectrode Arrays for Increased Predictivity of Safety Pharmacology
10:41

Laser-Induced Action Potential-Like Measurements of Cardiomyocytes on Microelectrode Arrays for Increased Predictivity of Safety Pharmacology

Published on: September 13, 2022

Lacosamide-induced valproic acid toxicity.

Gina L Jones1, Gautam S Popli, Mary T Silvia

  • 1Department of Neurology, Section of Pediatric Neurology, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA. gljones2@cmh.edu

Pediatric Neurology
|March 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Valproic acid, used for epilepsy, can cause toxicity when combined with lacosamide. This combination led to hyperammonemic encephalopathy, resolving after discontinuing both drugs.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

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Published on: November 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Valproic acid is a widely prescribed antiepileptic drug for focal and generalized epilepsies.
  • Common side effects include hyperammonemic encephalopathy, particularly when used with other antiepileptic drugs.
  • The safety profile of valproic acid in combination with newer antiepileptic drugs requires ongoing investigation.

Observation:

  • A case report details a patient experiencing valproic acid toxicity.
  • The toxicity manifested as hyperammonemic encephalopathy.
  • This adverse event occurred specifically during co-administration with lacosamide.

Findings:

  • Valproic acid toxicity was observed in the presence of lacosamide.
  • This specific drug interaction leading to toxicity has not been previously documented.
  • Discontinuation of both valproic acid and lacosamide resulted in complete patient recovery.

Implications:

  • Highlights a potential drug interaction between valproic acid and lacosamide.
  • Suggests careful monitoring for hyperammonemic encephalopathy in patients using this combination.
  • Underscores the importance of reporting and investigating rare adverse drug events in epilepsy management.