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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
Transport Across the Golgi01:26

Transport Across the Golgi

While it is unclear how molecules move between adjacent Golgi cisternae, it is apparent that the molecules move from cis- cisterna, the entry face, to the trans- cisterna, the exit face. Experiments initially suggested vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with the next cisterna to transport proteins between the cisternae. This vesicular transport model describes the Golgi apparatus as a relatively static structure with a unique enzyme composition in each cisterna. Molecules are...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo
08:00

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Published on: July 13, 2015

Analysis of ciliary import.

John F Dishinger1, H Lynn Kee, Kristen J Verhey

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Methods in Enzymology
|March 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new methods to study how molecules enter cilia, essential for cell function and preventing genetic diseases like ciliopathies. These techniques help understand ciliary protein import and regulation in mammalian cells.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo
08:00

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Published on: July 13, 2015

Application of High-speed Super-resolution SPEED Microscopy in Live Primary Cilium
07:53

Application of High-speed Super-resolution SPEED Microscopy in Live Primary Cilium

Published on: January 16, 2018

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia
08:58

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia

Published on: May 1, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cilia and flagella are vital microtubule-based organelles involved in cellular motility and environmental sensing.
  • Dysfunctional cilia lead to human genetic disorders known as ciliopathies.
  • Specific protein import into cilia is crucial for their specialized functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish methods for measuring the permeability of the ciliary gate.
  • To investigate the mechanisms regulating protein entry into cilia.
  • To understand molecular regulation of cilia formation and function.

Main Methods:

  • Microinjection of fluorescent proteins and dextrans into ciliated cells to assess ciliary gate permeability.
  • Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assay to quantify ciliary protein entry.
  • Utilizing mammalian cell models for experimental analysis.

Main Results:

  • Developed and validated assays to quantify ciliary gate permeability.
  • Demonstrated the ability to measure the rate of ciliary protein import.
  • Provided tools to investigate molecular mechanisms of ciliary transport.

Conclusions:

  • The described methods enable precise measurement of ciliary barrier function.
  • These assays are valuable for dissecting molecular mechanisms of ciliary protein import.
  • Understanding these processes is key to addressing ciliopathies.