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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Gene-Environment Interactions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:44

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: October 13, 2023

Sex-specific environmental influences affecting MS development.

Jorge Correale1, María E Balbuena Aguirre, Mauricio F Farez

  • 1Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Montañeses 2325 (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
|March 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) risk is linked to Vitamin D, smoking, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). While these factors increase MS risk, they don't explain the higher prevalence in women, suggesting a role for sex hormones.

Keywords:
Environmental factorsEpstein–Barr virusGenderMultiple SclerosisSmokingVitamin D

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Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:44

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: October 13, 2023

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
06:19

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) prevalence and incidence vary, with higher rates observed in women.
  • Factors like Vitamin D status, smoking, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are implicated in MS pathogenesis.
  • Sex hormones may play a role in MS, evidenced by increased female prevalence in relapsing-remitting MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contributions of Vitamin D, smoking, and EBV to MS prevalence and incidence.
  • To explore the potential role of sex hormones in the observed gender differences in MS.
  • To identify environmental and hormonal factors influencing MS gender disparities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing cross-sectional studies and animal models.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on MS prevalence and incidence.
  • Focus on the interplay between immunomodulatory factors and sex hormones.

Main Results:

  • Vitamin D, smoking, and EBV infection are confirmed risk factors for MS.
  • A functional synergy exists between Vitamin D3 and 17-β estradiol in immunomodulation.
  • Current factors do not fully account for the increasing female predominance in MS.

Conclusions:

  • Further large-scale, population-based case-control studies are needed.
  • Investigating environmental factors and sex hormone influences is crucial.
  • Understanding gender differences in MS requires comprehensive etiological research.