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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Immunological Memory

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

Peptide pool immunization and CD8+ T cell reactivity.

Susanne B Rasmussen¹, Mikkel N Harndahl, Anette Stryhn

¹Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.

Immunology Letters

|March 19, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Certain peptides induce sustained T cell immunity in mice, leading to prolonged immune responses even without direct peptide re-exposure. This suggests enhanced immunogenicity for specific vaccine components.

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Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8⁺ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector

Published on: November 28, 2018

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

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Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8⁺ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector

Published on: November 28, 2018

Area of Science:

Immunology
Vaccinology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Vaccine-induced immunity relies on T cell responses to specific peptides.
The duration and nature of peptide presentation in vivo are critical for sustained immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the long-term immunogenicity of peptides used in vaccine development.
To determine if certain peptides can elicit T cell responses without ex vivo peptide stimulation.

Main Methods:

Mice were immunized with peptide pools or single peptides.
Splenic CD8(+) T cell responses were assessed using IFNγ Elispot assays.
Peptide-specific T cell binding was analyzed using peptide-tetramer staining.

Main Results:

IFNγ spot formation was observed without peptide stimulation at 3 weeks and 3 months post-immunization.
Two specific peptides (VSV- and Mycobacterium-derived) induced responses independent of ex vivo peptide exposure.
Even when mixed, specific immunity against individual peptides remained intact, suggesting sustained immunogenicity.

Conclusions:

Certain peptides exhibit prolonged in vivo immunogenicity, maintaining T cell activation over extended periods.
This sustained immunogenicity may be a key factor in developing more effective and long-lasting vaccines.