Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 13, 2026
Motor Imagery Performance Through Embodied Digital Twins in a Virtual Reality-Enabled Brain-Computer Interface Environment
Published on: May 10, 2024
Increasing patient engagement during virtual reality-based motor rehabilitation
Lukas Zimmerli1, Mario Jacky, Lars Lünenburger
1Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. lukas.zimmerli@hest.ethz.ch
Objective:
To investigate the influence of different design characteristics of virtual reality exercises on engagement during lower extremity motor rehabilitation.
Design:
Correlational study.
Setting:
Spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation center.
Participants:
Subjects with SCI (n=12) and control subjects (n=10).
Interventions:
Not applicable.
Main Outcome Measures:
Heart rate and electromyographic activity from both legs at the tibialis anterior, the gastrocnemius medialis, the rectus femoris, and the biceps femoris were recorded.
Results:
Interactivity (ie, functionally meaningful reactions to motor performance) was crucial for the engagement of subjects. No significant differences in engagement were found between exercises that differed in feedback frequency, explicit task goals, or aspects of competition.
Conclusions:
Functional feedback is highly important for the active participation of patients during robotic-assisted rehabilitation. Further investigations on the design characteristics of virtual reality exercises are of great importance. Exercises should thoroughly be analyzed regarding their effectiveness, while user preferences and expectations should be considered when designing virtual reality exercises for everyday clinical motor rehabilitation.
