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Related Concept Videos

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of fluid...
Nephrotic Syndrome III : Nursing Management01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome III : Nursing Management

Nursing management for nephrotic syndrome adapts as the disease progresses, with strategies evolving to address advancing symptoms and complications.Early-Stage Management In the early stages, nursing interventions for nephrotic syndrome resemble those used in managing acute glomerulonephritis, focusing on symptom monitoring, fluid balance, and managing mild to moderate edema.Vital Signs: Regularly monitor blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and temperature to promptly identify...
Rh Blood Group01:19

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management01:26

Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management

IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document any history...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
13:01

Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells

Published on: June 23, 2014

Seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome.

Rabih Nayfe1, Imad Uthman, Jessica Aoun

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)
|March 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Seronegative Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) may involve non-criteria antibodies. Research explores antibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine and other phospholipids for improved APS diagnosis and classification.

Keywords:
anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodiesantiphospholipid antibodiesantiphospholipid syndromephosphatidylethanolaminepregnancy morbidityseronegative antiphospholipid syndromethrombosis

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Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
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Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Published on: September 25, 2014

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Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
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Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
09:11

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Published on: September 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombosis and pregnancy complications.
  • Patients with APS symptoms but negative conventional antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are diagnosed with seronegative APS.
  • Non-criteria antibodies are being investigated for their potential role in APS classification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review promising non-criteria antibodies associated with APS.
  • To explore the diagnostic and clinical relevance of these antibodies in seronegative APS.
  • To highlight the need for standardization in diagnostic tools for APS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of non-criteria antiphospholipid antibodies.
  • Analysis of antibodies targeting phosphatidylethanolamine, phospholipid-binding proteins, and phospholipid-protein complexes.
  • Examination of anionic phospholipids beyond cardiolipin.

Main Results:

  • Several non-criteria antibodies show potential for increasing APS diagnostic yield.
  • These include antibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine and various phospholipid-protein interactions.
  • The clinical significance of these antibodies requires further validation.

Conclusions:

  • Non-criteria antibodies represent a heterogeneous group with potential diagnostic value in APS.
  • Standardization of diagnostic tools and further research are crucial for confirming their clinical relevance.
  • Future studies should focus on interlaboratory standardization, experimental data, and longitudinal studies.