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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
The Stanford Prison Experiment03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
Segregation in Fresh Concrete01:16

Segregation in Fresh Concrete

Segregation in fresh concrete is a phenomenon where the components of the concrete mix separate, leading to uneven distribution and compromised structural integrity. This separation typically occurs when concrete is subjected to excessive horizontal movement within forms, or when it is dropped from considerable heights or forced through narrow, winding paths. As a result, heavier coarse aggregate particles settle at the bottom, while lighter, finer materials such as cement and water rise to the...
Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One example of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Monitoring Spatial Segregation in Surface Colonizing Microbial Populations
07:40

Monitoring Spatial Segregation in Surface Colonizing Microbial Populations

Published on: October 29, 2016

A longitudinal study of administrative segregation.

Maureen L O'Keefe1, Kelli J Klebe, Jeffrey Metzner

  • 1Offi Colorado Department of Corrections, 2862 South Circle Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80906, USA. maureen.okeefe@state.co.us

The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
|March 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study found no evidence that inmates in administrative segregation experienced greater psychological symptom deterioration than other groups. All inmate groups showed similar, small positive changes over one year, suggesting no differential harm from solitary confinement.

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Area of Science:

  • Corrections and Criminal Justice
  • Forensic Psychology
  • Mental Health in Corrections

Background:

  • Administrative segregation, or solitary confinement, is criticized for its potential negative psychological effects on inmates, particularly those with mental illness.
  • Inmates in segregation face prolonged isolation (23 hours/day), strict security, and limited program access, raising concerns about their well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether inmates in administrative segregation exhibit greater psychological symptom deterioration over time compared to inmates in general population or special-needs units.
  • To examine the impact of administrative segregation on psychological symptoms in male inmates, considering those with and without mental illness.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal study involving male inmates with and without mental illness across three conditions: administrative segregation, general population, and special-needs prison.
  • Subjects completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) at regular intervals over a one-year period to assess psychological symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Initial differentiation in psychological symptoms was observed between the groups at the study's commencement.
  • All groups demonstrated statistically significant, albeit small, positive changes in psychological symptoms over the one-year study period.
  • No differential change pattern was found, indicating that inmates in administrative segregation did not experience greater symptom deterioration than comparison groups.

Conclusions:

  • The study did not support the hypothesis that administrative segregation leads to greater psychological deterioration compared to other correctional placements.
  • While all groups showed minor positive changes, the lack of differential effects suggests that, under these conditions, solitary confinement did not uniquely harm inmates psychologically.
  • Further replication research is recommended to definitively determine the conditions under which solitary confinement may or may not cause harm to inmates.