Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 13, 2026

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation
Published on: February 27, 2019
Electrodes for wide-bandwidth substrate-removed electro-optic modulators
Selim Dogru1, Jae Hyuk Shin, Nadir Dagli
1Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
Abstract:
This Letter is on wide-bandwidth electrodes suitable for ultralow voltage substrate-removed compound semiconductor electro-optic modulators. Using a loaded line approach, traveling wave electrodes suitable for wide-bandwidth and low-voltage operation were studied theoretically and experimentally up to 35 GHz. Using staircase waveguides and n-i-p-i-n epilayer designs, electrode capacitance and resistance were reduced significantly. Experimental and modeling results are found to agree very well. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that subvolt modulators with electrical to optical bandwidths in excess of 30 GHz are possible.
Related Concept Videos
Types of Reversible Electrodes
Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

