Related Concept Videos
01:22Self-Report Tests of Personality
Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
01:30Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
02:45Self-Discrepancy Theory
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
01:24Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring
Self-monitoring is a central construct in understanding individual differences in self-presentation strategies across social contexts. It refers to how individuals observe, regulate, and control their expressive behavior and self-presentation following situational cues. Self-monitoring reflects a person's sensitivity to social appropriateness and willingness to adapt behavior to fit varying interpersonal demands.High vs. Low Self-Monitoring IndividualsIndividuals high in self-monitoring are...
01:15Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory
Correspondent inference theory, proposed by Jones and Davis in 1965, seeks to explain how individuals infer stable personality traits from observed behaviors. It suggests that people attribute actions to underlying dispositions rather than external circumstances, particularly when the behavior appears intentional and socially significant.Voluntary Behavior and Dispositional AttributionAccording to this theory, individuals are more likely to attribute behavior to personal traits when it appears...
01:29Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects
Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
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Determining the Accuracy of Self-Report Versus Informant-Report Using the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale.
Lisa Alexander1, Laura Liljequist2
1George Washington University, DC, USA.
Journal of Attention Disorders
|March 19, 2013
Summary
This study found self-report and informant-report measures of adult ADHD symptoms are similarly valid. Multimodal assessment is recommended for accurate diagnosis of adult ADHD.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Psychology
- Clinical Research
Background:
- Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis relies on various assessment methods.
- The validity of self-report versus informant-report measures compared to performance-based indicators requires further examination.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the predictive validity of self-report (CAARS-S:L) and informant-report (CAARS-O:L) for adult ADHD against performance-based cognitive indicators.
- To compare the accuracy of self-report versus informant-report in assessing ADHD symptomatology.
Main Methods:
- Utilized archival data from 118 adult participants.
- Compared Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self-Report (CAARS-S:L) and Observer Report (CAARS-O:L) with discrepancy scores from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) cognitive indices.
- Calculated discrepancy scores between WAIS-III Verbal Comprehension Index - Working Memory Index (VCI - WMI) and Perceptual-Organizational Index - Processing Speed Index (POI - PSI).
Main Results:
- Neither self-report nor informant-report CAARS formats were superior predictors of WAIS-III Index score discrepancies.
- Higher correlations were observed between similar scales across different CAARS formats and for externally visible symptoms.
- Both CAARS-S:L and CAARS-O:L clinical scales significantly predicted variance in WAIS-III VCI - WMI discrepancy scores (14.7% and 16.4%).
Conclusions:
- The study did not establish greater accuracy for self-report over informant-report in assessing ADHD symptomatology.
- Findings underscore the necessity of employing multimodal assessment strategies for diagnosing ADHD in adults.
- Integrating multiple data sources enhances the comprehensive evaluation of adult ADHD.