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Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves the development of sperm cells from undifferentiated stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The process is essential for the production of mature and functional sperm cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg.
The process of spermatogenesis can be divided into mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. During mitosis, the spermatogonia or stem cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells, type A and B spermatogonia. Type-A...

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition

During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...

Fertilization

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...

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Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of Men with Infertility at a Single Center: A Retrospective Descriptive Study.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Mouse Round Spermatid Injection

Mouse Round Spermatid Injection

Published on: January 26, 2024

The azoospermic male: current knowledge and future perspectives.

Sandro C Esteves, Ashok Agarwai

Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)

|March 19, 2013

Summary

This special issue comprehensively reviews azoospermia, covering its causes, diagnosis, and management. It analyzes assisted reproductive techniques and discusses future biotechnological treatments for male infertility.

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Andrology
Genetics

Background:

A comprehensive review of azoospermia, encompassing epidemiology, genetics, and physiopathology.
Explores current knowledge on diagnosis and management strategies for azoospermia.

Discussion:

Critically analyzes clinical outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) in azoospermic males.
Examines the health of offspring born to fathers with azoospermia.

Key Insights:

Integrates global research from seven countries on azoospermia.
Provides a multi-faceted understanding of male infertility due to azoospermia.

Outlook:

Discusses current challenges in treating azoospermia.

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Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia

Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia

Published on: May 27, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Mouse Round Spermatid Injection

Mouse Round Spermatid Injection

Published on: January 26, 2024

Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia

Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia

Published on: May 27, 2022

Explores future biotechnological perspectives for fertility treatments in azoospermic males.