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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

An Adipocyte Cell Culture Model to Study the Impact of Protein and Micro-RNA Modulation on Adipocyte Function

An Adipocyte Cell Culture Model to Study the Impact of Protein and Micro-RNA Modulation on Adipocyte Function

Published on: May 4, 2021

Adipocyte-derived lipids modulate CD4+ T-cell function.

Andreea Ioan-Facsinay¹, Joanneke C Kwekkeboom, Sanne Westhoff

¹Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. A.Ioan@lumc.nl

European Journal of Immunology

|March 19, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Adipose tissue immune cells, like Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) CD4(+) T cells, are influenced by adipocytes. Adipocytes release lipids, particularly free fatty acids, that enhance T-cell proliferation and cytokine production.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Published on: May 22, 2013

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Published on: July 17, 2018

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology
Metabolic Research

Background:

Adipose tissue harbors diverse immune cells with phenotypes varying by adiposity.
IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) T cells are found in higher concentrations in human adipose tissue than in blood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how human adipocytes modulate CD4(+) T-cell cytokine production and proliferation.
To identify the specific mediators released by adipocytes that affect T-cell function.

Main Methods:

Co-culture experiments with activated CD4(+) T cells and adipocytes.
Transwell assays and analysis of adipocyte-conditioned medium (ACM).
Fractionation of ACM to isolate lipid and protein components, followed by fatty acid analysis.

Main Results:

Adipocytes significantly increase IFN-γ production by activated CD4(+) T cells via soluble mediators.
ACM enhances CD4(+) T-cell proliferation upon activation.
The proliferation-enhancing effect is primarily attributed to the lipid fraction of ACM, specifically free fatty acids.

Conclusions:

Adipocytes modulate CD4(+) T-cell function, including proliferation and cytokine production, through lipid secretion.
Free fatty acids are key mediators in this process, potentially contributing to T-cell accumulation in adipose tissue.