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Related Concept Videos

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Functionalization of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Thermo-reversible Block Copolymers and Characterization by Small-angle Neutron Scattering
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Functionalization of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Thermo-reversible Block Copolymers and Characterization by Small-angle Neutron Scattering

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Functionalized carbon nanotubes as immunomodulator systems.

Mario Pescatori1, Davide Bedognetti, Enrica Venturelli

  • 1Department of Surgery, Section Surgical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Biomaterials
|March 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were studied for their impact on immune cells. Certain CNTs selectively activated monocyte immune pathways, showing potential as immunotherapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants.

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Repression of Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth In Vivo by Single-wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)-delivered MALAT1 Antisense Oligos

Published on: December 13, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have potential biomedical applications, but their effects on the immune system require comprehensive investigation.
  • Previous studies offered limited insights, focusing only on specific activation markers and cytokine expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a genome-wide expression study using microarrays to understand the full impact of functionalized CNTs on immune cells.
  • To investigate the differential effects of four types of functionalized multi-walled CNTs on T lymphocytes (Jurkat cells) and monocytes (THP1 cells).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized whole genome expression microarray analysis (Affymetrix) to assess approximately 32,000 transcripts in Jurkat and THP1 cells treated with functionalized CNTs.
  • Validated gene expression changes using real-time PCR and confirmed protein secretion levels (IL1β, TNFα, IL6, IL10) via ELISA in monocytes.

Main Results:

  • Three functionalized CNTs (ox-MWCNT-1, ox-MWCNT-NH3(+)-1, ox-MWCNT-NH3(+)-2), termed monocyte activating CNTs (MA-CNTs), upregulated immune pathways (e.g., IL6, CD40, TNF-α, NFKB) in monocytes but not T cells.
  • One CNT (ox-MWCNT-2) downregulated ribosomal protein genes in both cell types.
  • MA-CNTs activated pathways relevant to inflammation, tumor rejection, and pathogen clearance.

Conclusions:

  • Functionalized CNTs exhibit cell-specific immunomodulatory effects, with MA-CNTs acting as potent monocyte activators.
  • These MA-CNTs demonstrate significant potential as cell-specific immunostimulatory systems for applications in immunotherapy and vaccine adjuvants.
  • The study provides novel insights into CNT-mediated gene expression modulation in immune cells.