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Related Concept Videos

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II01:28

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II

The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
Causality in Epidemiology01:21

Causality in Epidemiology

Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I01:30

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I

The Bradford Hill criteria are a group of principles that provide a framework to determine a causal relationship between a specific factor and a disease. There are nine criteria that are pivotal in assessing causality in epidemiological studies. Here's a closer look at Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality criteria with definitions and examples:
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
06:55

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Published on: August 5, 2016

Causal history, actual and apparent.

Jerrold Levinson1

  • 1Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. august@umd.edu

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
|March 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Understanding art appreciation requires distinguishing between its factual and apparent causal history. Assuming the design stance may obscure this crucial difference, potentially limiting artwork understanding to mere observation.

Area of Science:

  • Art Theory
  • Philosophy of Art
  • Cognitive Science of Art

Background:

  • The interpretation of artworks often involves understanding their creation process.
  • Distinguishing between the actual (factual) and apparent (ostensible) causal history is key to art analysis.
  • The 'design stance' is a proposed method for understanding intentional artifacts like artworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the implications of adopting the 'design stance' for art appreciation.
  • To examine how this stance affects the distinction between actual and apparent causal history.
  • To critique the potential for the 'design stance' to reinforce limited views of art appreciation.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of philosophical arguments regarding art interpretation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
06:55

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Published on: August 5, 2016

  • Examination of the 'design stance' as applied to understanding artworks.
  • Critique of the relationship between causal history and aesthetic appreciation.

    • Main Results:

    • Adopting the 'design stance' can blur the distinction between an artwork's factual and apparent causal history.
    • This blurring may inadvertently support the idea that appreciation relies solely on direct observation.
    • The authors' recommendation risks undermining their own goal of combating simplistic art appreciation theories.

    Conclusions:

    • Careful consideration of the 'design stance' is needed to avoid conflating factual and apparent causal histories.
    • A nuanced understanding of art appreciation requires acknowledging factors beyond immediate perception.
    • Further research should explore methods that preserve the distinction between actual and apparent causal history in art interpretation.