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Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute pancreatitis is the sudden inflammation of the pancreas caused by the early activation of digestive enzymes, leading to the autodigestion of pancreatic tissue. This results in local inflammation and, in severe cases, systemic complications.EtiologyUnderstanding the underlying causes is crucial, as identifying the etiology guides treatment and anticipates complications. Acute pancreatitis can be triggered by various factors, typically grouped into the following clinical categories.Biliary...

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Duodenal UlcersDuodenal ulcers are the most common form of peptic ulcer disease, presenting with chronic, intermittent epigastric pain. Pain typically appears 2–3 hours after meals, especially when the stomach is empty, often waking patients at night. It is characteristically relieved by food or antacids (“pain–food–relief”). Some patients remain asymptomatic until complications like bleeding or perforation emerge, particularly with NSAID or anticoagulant use.Gastric UlcersGastric ulcers share...

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...

Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Acute pancreatitis presents a complex medical emergency characterized by rapid onset inflammation of the pancreas, demanding timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications. The condition primarily manifests through severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. This pain intensifies following the consumption of fatty foods. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, and jaundice can vary in intensity but significantly...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Oncogene Expression Analysis with Alterations in pH in a Pancreatic Ductal Cell Line

Oncogene Expression Analysis with Alterations in pH in a Pancreatic Ductal Cell Line

Published on: April 11, 2025

Propionic acidaemia: demographic characteristics and complications.

Muhammad Rafique¹

¹Child Health Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. mrafiquelhr@hotmail.com

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism : JPEM

|March 20, 2013

Summary

Propionic acidemia is a rare metabolic disorder prevalent in Saudi Arabia, causing significant complications. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for potentially preventing severe outcomes in affected children.

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Area of Science:

Metabolic Disorders
Genetics
Pediatrics

Background:

Propionic acidemia is a rare, global metabolic disorder with high prevalence in Saudi Arabia.
The condition can lead to numerous complications impacting patient quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the demographic characteristics of propionic acidemia patients.
To identify and document the spectrum of complications associated with propionic acidemia.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of diagnosed propionic acidemia cases.
Analysis of patient records to gather demographic and clinical data.

Main Results:

The study analyzed 24 patients, with 67% being male and 67% having consanguineous parents.
Common complications included developmental delay (75%), hypotonia (46%), seizures (50%), and undernutrition (83%).
Metabolic crises frequently involved hyperammonaemia (100%) and metabolic acidosis (83%).

Conclusions:

Propionic acidemia presents a broad range of neurological and other complications.
Early diagnosis and prompt intervention may be key to preventing or mitigating these severe outcomes.