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Mismatch Repair01:36

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Mismatch Repair01:20

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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A Surgical Approach for Optic Nerve Crush in a Rabbit Model
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Glaucoma and optic nerve repair.

Heike Diekmann1, Dietmar Fischer

  • 1Department of Neurology, Experimental Neurology, Heinrich Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Cell and Tissue Research
|March 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Glaucoma causes irreversible blindness by damaging retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). New strategies focus on protecting RGC axons and promoting their regeneration to restore vision.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage and visual field loss.
  • Current treatments primarily lower intraocular pressure (IOP), which is often insufficient to prevent disease progression.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of RGC axonal injury at the optic nerve head is crucial for developing effective therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenesis of glaucoma, focusing on optic nerve injury.
  • To survey recent advancements in strategies for RGC axonal regeneration and optic nerve repair.
  • To highlight the role of cytokines and their signaling pathways in these processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of glaucoma pathogenesis.

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  • Analysis of recent findings on RGC axonal regeneration strategies.
  • Focus on cytokine signaling in optic nerve repair.

    • Main Results:

    • Axonal damage at the optic nerve head is a primary event in glaucoma, leading to RGC dysfunction and death.
    • Cytokines and their downstream pathways are implicated in RGC injury and survival.
    • Regenerative strategies targeting RGCs and optic nerve repair are under investigation.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective glaucoma management requires strategies beyond IOP reduction, including neuroprotection and regeneration.
    • Targeting molecular pathways, particularly those involving cytokines, holds promise for stimulating RGC axonal repair.
    • Further research into the detailed mechanisms of optic nerve injury is essential for developing novel therapeutic interventions.