Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Summation Notation01:25

Summation Notation

111
Sigma notation, also known as summation notation, provides a concise method for representing the sum of a sequence of terms that follow a regular pattern. It utilizes the uppercase Greek letter sigma (∑), A typical expression is:In this form, k the index of summation is 1, the starting value, and n the ending value. The term ak​ represents the general term of the sequence.For example, the increasing sequence 5, 7, 9, ..., 23 over 10 terms can be expressed as:This simplifies the...
111
Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors01:41

Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors

14.0K
Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
14.0K
Sum and Difference OpAmps01:22

Sum and Difference OpAmps

1.2K
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile devices that extend beyond amplification. In this context, two specific op-amp configurations are explored: the summing and difference amplifiers.
A summing amplifier, or an adder, utilizes an op-amp to merge multiple input signals into a single output signal. When audio signals are introduced into its input channels, the input resistors initiate currents that traverse feedback resistors, resulting in an output voltage. Applying Kirchhoff's current...
1.2K
Even and Odd Signals01:17

Even and Odd Signals

1.9K
An even signal, whether in continuous-time or discrete-time, is defined by its symmetry with its time-reversed version. Mathematically, this is represented as
1.9K
Basic Operations on Signals01:22

Basic Operations on Signals

971
Basic signal operations include time reversal, time scaling, time shifting, and amplitude transformations. These operations are fundamental in signal processing and analysis.
Time Reversal mirrors a continuous-time signal about the vertical axis at t=0. This is achieved by substituting t with −t. For example, if a signal x(t) is considered, the time-reversed signal is x(−t). This operation can be graphically represented, showing the mirrored signal.
971
Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

6.4K
Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
6.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Photocross-linking activity-based probes to capture the dynamics of ubiquitin RING E3 ligase interactions.

The Biochemical journal·2026
Same author

A Landscape Analysis of Human SUMOylation.

Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP·2026
Same author

The E3-ome gene-centric compendium reveals the human E3 ligase landscape.

Cell·2026
Same author

PML mutants from arsenic-resistant patients reveal SUMO1-TOPORS and SUMO2/3-RNF4 degradation pathways.

The Journal of cell biology·2025
Same author

Mechanism of degrader-targeted protein ubiquitinability.

Science advances·2024
Same author

Concerted SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase activities of TOPORS and RNF4 are essential for stress management and cell proliferation.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2024
Same journal

TDP-43 proteinopathy as a biomarker and therapeutic target in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
Same journal

Advancing the monitoring of organelle contact sites in vitro and in vivo.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
Same journal

Mechanisms influencing transient cytoplasmic protein targeting to intracellular lipid droplets.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
Same journal

Replication associated nuclear DNA mismatch repair across kingdoms.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
Same journal

Phosphatases of regenerating liver downregulate PTEN to promote tumorigenesis.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
Same journal

Implications of Rho GTPase signaling in cancer immunotherapy.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer
08:29

SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

Published on: November 1, 2019

7.5K

Decoding the SUMO signal.

Ronald T Hay1

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K. r.t.hay@dundee.ac.uk

Biochemical Society Transactions
|March 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathways are crucial in biological processes. RNF4, a ubiquitin ligase, recognizes SUMO-modified proteins and targets them for degradation, revealing a novel mechanism for ubiquitin transfer.

More Related Videos

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles
11:54

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

Published on: March 13, 2017

9.7K
Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish
10:56

Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish

Published on: March 6, 2014

12.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 17, 2025

SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer
08:29

SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

Published on: November 1, 2019

7.5K
Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles
11:54

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

Published on: March 13, 2017

9.7K
Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish
10:56

Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish

Published on: March 6, 2014

12.9K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a post-translational modification with diverse biological roles.
  • SUMO modification is mediated by a distinct conjugation pathway.
  • SUMO-interaction motifs (SIMs) mediate recognition of SUMO-modified substrates by effector proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism by which RNF4 recognizes SUMO-modified proteins.
  • To understand how RNF4 targets SUMOylated substrates for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis.
  • To investigate the role of RNF4's RING domain in ubiquitin transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analysis of RNF4
  • Biochemical assays to study RNF4 activity
  • SUMOylation and ubiquitination assays

Main Results:

  • RNF4 possesses multiple SIMs and a RING domain, characteristic of a ubiquitin E3 ligase.
  • RNF4 recognizes SUMO-modified proteins and targets them for proteolysis.
  • Structural and biochemical data reveal how RNF4's RING domain primes the E2 enzyme for ubiquitin transfer.

Conclusions:

  • RNF4 is a unique ubiquitin ligase that links SUMOylation to ubiquitin-mediated degradation.
  • The study provides mechanistic insights into ubiquitin transfer mediated by RNF4.
  • RNF4 plays a critical role in regulating protein stability through the SUMO-ubiquitin pathway.