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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
Types of Reversible Electrodes01:24

Types of Reversible Electrodes

For electrode reversibility to be maintained, all the reactants and products involved in the half-reaction must be present at the electrode. There are several types of reversible electrodes (half-cells).In metal-metal-ion electrodes, a metal balances electrochemically with a solution of its own ions. Examples are Cu2+|Cu and Zn2+|Zn. Metals that react with the solvent, like group 1 and most group 2 metals, which react with water, and zinc, which reacts with aqueous acidic solutions, cannot be...
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...
Junction Potentials in Galvanic Cells01:21

Junction Potentials in Galvanic Cells

The Nernst equation, derived under the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium, calculates the electromotive force (emf) as the sum of potential differences at phase boundaries in a reversible cell without a liquid junction. However, in irreversible cells such as the Daniell cell, an additional potential difference named the liquid-junction potential (EJ) arises across the interface of two electrolyte solutions due to different ion diffusion rates. This EJ represents the potential difference...
Voltammetric Techniques: Pulse Voltammetry01:17

Voltammetric Techniques: Pulse Voltammetry

Differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV) is a type of voltammetry that involves applying a series of voltage pulses to an electrochemical cell while measuring the resulting current. In DPV, the differential pulse or small potential pulses are superimposed on a linear potential sweep. The magnitude of these pulses is typically small, often in the millivolt range. Each voltage pulse lasts a short duration, usually in the order of a few milliseconds, and is applied at regular intervals along the...
Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing
08:19

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

Published on: June 1, 2012

Current pulse based reference electrodes without liquid junctions.

Xu U Zou, Philippe Bühlmann

    Analytical Chemistry
    |March 22, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel current pulse method for liquid junction-free reference electrodes. This technique offers enhanced stability and avoids issues associated with conventional salt bridges in potentiometric measurements.

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    Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique
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    Published on: May 3, 2015

    Area of Science:

    • Electroanalytical Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Conventional reference electrodes with salt bridges suffer from sample sensitivity, clogging, and uncontrolled electrolyte leakage.
    • Hydrophobic ion-doped polymeric membranes present an alternative for liquid junction-free reference electrodes.

    Discussion:

    • A brief current pulse applied to a cation exchanger membrane controls cation release, establishing a stable boundary potential.
    • This method enables precise determination of sample/reference membrane interface potential.
    • Measurements using ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) show Nernstian responses immediately after the current pulse.

    Key Insights:

    • Current pulse operation provides a controlled method for generating reference potentials without liquid junctions.
    • This approach overcomes limitations of traditional salt bridge reference electrodes.
    • Demonstrated Nernstian responses with chloride (Cl-) ISEs confirm the validity of the method.

    Outlook:

    • The developed reference electrodes exhibit superior reference potential stability over extended periods (2 days) in serum compared to conventional potentiometric methods.
    • This technology holds promise for improved accuracy and reliability in potentiometric sensing applications.
    • Further research can explore optimization of membrane composition and pulse parameters for diverse analytical targets.