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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...

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Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain
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Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Published on: October 13, 2023

Structural network underlying visuospatial imagery in humans.

Kevin Whittingstall1, Michael Bernier1, Jean-Christophe Houde2

  • 1Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4; Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
|March 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) acts as a key hub in visuospatial imagery, connecting occipital, parietal, and temporal brain regions. This study used fMRI and dMRI to map these crucial anatomical connections.

Keywords:
TractographyV1 deactivationVisuospatial imageryfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Visuospatial imagery involves widespread brain activation across multiple lobes.
  • The precise anatomical connections between these activated areas remain unclear.
  • Understanding these connections is vital for cognitive function assessment, including spatial orientation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the anatomical connectivity profile of brain regions activated during visuospatial imagery.
  • To determine if activated cortical areas are directly connected or linked via hub regions.
  • To elucidate the role of specific brain areas as potential hubs in visuospatial processing.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to identify brain activation during a visuospatial imagery task.
  • Diffusion MRI (dMRI) and advanced tractography were employed to reconstruct white matter pathways.
  • The fractional connectivity between activated fMRI sites was calculated across participants.

Main Results:

  • fMRI revealed activation in dorsal (extrastriate, parietal, prefrontal) and ventral (temporal, lingual) pathways, with deactivation in the striate cortex.
  • The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) was identified as a key area with robust anatomical connections.
  • PCC demonstrated connectivity with occipital and extrastriate regions, and diverged to connect with parahippocampal and BA7 areas.

Conclusions:

  • The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is actively involved in visuospatial imagery.
  • PCC functions as an anatomical hub, integrating information across occipital, parietal, and temporal cortical areas.
  • These findings support the role of PCC as a critical connector hub for large-scale brain network integration.