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01:08The Availability Heuristic
A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
01:23Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches
Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
01:11Blinding
Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
01:25Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity
Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors...
01:01Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters
It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
01:30Primary Healthcare Services
Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
In 1978, international leaders convened in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, for what would be a pivotal event in global health. The Alma-Ata Declaration was the first to call...
In 1978, international leaders convened in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, for what would be a pivotal event in global health. The Alma-Ata Declaration was the first to call...
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Local availability of physicians' services as a tool for implicit risk selection.
Amir Shmueli1, Esti Nissan-Engelcin
1The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health, POB 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. amirsh@ekmd.huji.ac.il
Social Science & Medicine (1982)
|March 23, 2013
Summary
Health plans in Israel
Area of Science:
- Health economics
- Public health policy
- Healthcare management
Background:
- Competitive social health insurance systems rely on risk adjustment for fair budget allocation.
- Inadequate risk adjustment can incentivize health plans to engage in risk selection.
- Universal coverage necessitates implicit risk selection strategies, such as manipulating service quality and availability.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate whether Israeli sickness funds strategically adjust physician availability based on local population characteristics.
- To examine the relationship between town characteristics (health, wealth) and the availability of community health services.
- To assess the implications of these practices for healthcare allocation and regulation.
Main Methods:
- Empirical analysis of physician reception hours in five specialties across 60 Israeli towns in 2004.
Main Results:
- Significant correlation found between town characteristics and physician availability.
- Healthier and wealthier towns exhibit greater competition and service availability.
- Sicker and poorer towns show weaker competition and reduced service availability.
Conclusions:
- Israeli sickness funds appear to manipulate physician distribution based on local demographics, exploiting weaknesses in the age-only risk adjustment system.
- This practice leads to inequitable and inefficient geographic allocation of health services.
- The findings indicate a failure in healthcare regulation and resource distribution.