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Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
Long-patch Base Excision Repair01:02

Long-patch Base Excision Repair

Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling
09:33

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Published on: March 20, 2018

Alkylating enzymes.

Ludger A Wessjohann1, Jeanette Keim, Benjamin Weigel

  • 1Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany. wessjohann@ipb-halle.de

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|March 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Enzyme-assisted synthesis offers a promising alternative for modifying natural products. Alkylating enzymes like prenyltransferases and methyltransferases enable precise chemical modifications, overcoming challenges in traditional organic synthesis.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling
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Published on: March 20, 2018

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Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
12:07

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

Published on: November 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Biotechnology
  • Natural Product Synthesis

Background:

  • Modifying natural products with methyl, prenyl, or C-glycosyl groups is synthetically challenging.
  • Classical organic synthesis methods for these modifications are often cumbersome and lack specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore enzyme-assisted strategies as alternatives to classical synthesis for natural product modification.
  • To highlight the growing relevance of alkylating enzymes in producing complex molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing stable and selective transferases for enzymatic modifications.
  • Employing efficient cofactor regeneration processes to support enzyme activity.
  • Applying prenyltransferases, terpene synthases, and methyltransferases for specific alkylations.

Main Results:

  • Enzyme-assisted strategies provide promising alternatives to traditional synthesis.
  • Prenyltransferases and terpene synthases are key for producing terpenoids and meroterpenoids.
  • Methyltransferases are crucial for generating specific methylation patterns in flavonoids and alkaloids.

Conclusions:

  • Enzyme-assisted modification represents a powerful and selective approach in natural product synthesis.
  • This methodology facilitates the production of valuable compounds like artemisinin, alkylated phenolics, and specific methylated flavonoids and alkaloids.