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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers

Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers

Published on: May 12, 2023

New two-dimensional Mn(II) metal-organic framework featured spin canting.

Xin Chen¹, Yao-Yu Wang, Bin Liu

¹Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)

|March 23, 2013

Summary

A novel 2D manganese(II) complex exhibits unique spin canting behavior. This material shows an unusually high critical temperature (Tc) of 40 K, suggesting potential for advanced magnetic applications.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers

Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers

Published on: May 12, 2023

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

Area of Science:

Coordination Chemistry
Materials Science
Magnetism

Background:

Manganese(II) complexes are of interest for their magnetic properties.
Two-dimensional (2D) coordination polymers offer tunable structures.
Developing materials with high critical temperatures (Tc) is a key goal in magnetism.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a novel 2D manganese(II) complex.
To investigate the magnetic properties of the synthesized complex.
To understand the mechanism behind its unique magnetic behavior.

Main Methods:

Synthesis and characterization of the 2D complex {[Mn(1.5)(L)(bpe)(1.5)]·(bpe)(0.5)}n.
Magnetic susceptibility measurements.
Density Functional Theory-Based Symmetry (DFT-BS) calculations.

Main Results:

The complex features manganese(II) chains bridged by 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (bpe) ligands.
Magnetic behavior is modeled as a -J1J1J2- alternating chain.
Spin canting behavior was observed, leading to an unusually high Tc of approximately 40 K.

Conclusions:

The synthesized 2D manganese(II) complex displays complex magnetic properties.
Spin canting and a high Tc are attributed to the specific structural arrangement and interactions.
DFT-BS calculations offer insights into the mechanism of these novel magnetic properties.