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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive
08:58

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Published on: June 10, 2021

Ketamine: use in anesthesia.

Susan Marland1, John Ellerton, Gary Andolfatto

  • 1Care Flight, Sydney, NSW, Australia. suzy_d@talk21.com

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
|March 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ketamine offers benefits for anesthesia induction, procedural sedation, and analgesia in prehospital and emergency settings. However, clinicians must carefully consider ketamine

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Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The clinical utility of ketamine anesthesia across diverse medical settings remains incompletely defined.
  • Ketamine is recognized for its anesthetic, sedative, and analgesic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role and application of ketamine in prehospital, emergency department, and operating theater environments.
  • To highlight the advantages and limitations of ketamine in various clinical scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • A nonsystematic literature review was conducted by international authors.
  • Results were synthesized and discussed among the contributing authors.

Main Results:

  • Ketamine demonstrates utility as an induction agent for anesthesia.
  • It is effective for procedural sedation and analgesia.
  • Its unique properties make it suitable for challenging clinical situations.

Conclusions:

  • Ketamine is a valuable agent in emergency and surgical care.
  • Awareness of ketamine's side effects and limitations is crucial for safe practice.