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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune system...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants01:22

Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants

Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
The transplant begins with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation treatment, which aim to destroy the...
Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...

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Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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Published on: October 17, 2025

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Hiroto Inaba1, Mel Greaves, Charles G Mullighan

  • 1Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. hiroto.inaba@stjude.org

Lancet (London, England)
|March 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia survival is now 90%, but new genetic insights are crucial for improving outcomes in infants and adults. Personalized medicine offers hope for better treatments and reduced side effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

Background:

  • Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a common childhood cancer with multifactorial causes.
  • Survival rates for pediatric ALL have significantly improved, reaching approximately 90% in clinical trials.
  • However, prognosis remains poor for infants and adults with ALL, necessitating innovative treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of ALL pathogenesis, treatment advancements, and future directions.
  • To highlight the role of genetic profiling in identifying new subtypes and therapeutic targets.
  • To emphasize the need for novel approaches to improve survival and reduce adverse effects, particularly in high-risk groups.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia epidemiology, treatment, and genetics.
  • Analysis of survival data and risk stratification strategies in pediatric ALL.
  • Discussion of genome-wide profiling techniques for identifying genetic alterations in leukaemic cells.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric ALL survival has improved due to risk stratification, personalized treatment modifications (pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenomics), and enhanced supportive care.
  • Genome-wide DNA profiling has revealed novel genetic changes contributing to leukaemogenesis and defining new disease subtypes.
  • These genetic findings offer potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for personalized medicine.

Conclusions:

  • While pediatric ALL survival is high, further advancements are required, especially for infants and adults.
  • Genetic profiling is instrumental in understanding ALL complexity and developing targeted therapies.
  • Personalized medicine approaches hold promise for improving outcomes and minimizing toxicity in ALL treatment.