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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: March 4, 2014

Less common upper limb mononeuropathies.

Faren H Williams1, Bryan Kumiga

  • 1UMass Memorial Medical Center, Memorial Campus, 119 Belmont St, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. Faren.Williams@umassmemorial.org

PM & R : the Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation
|March 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers less common upper extremity nerve injuries, often caused by trauma, tumors, or sports. It outlines electrodiagnostic methods to assess nerve damage and guide recovery, aiding in rehabilitation and strengthening.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Upper extremity nerve injuries, though less common, can result from trauma (fractures, dislocations), compression (tumors, ganglions), or sports-related stresses.
  • These injuries can lead to pain, demyelination, axon degeneration, and weakness over time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the clinical presentation and etiologies of upper extremity nerve entrapments.
  • To formulate an electrodiagnostic plan for evaluating these nerve injuries.
  • To guide prognosis and management, including physical therapy and rehabilitation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and causes of nerve entrapment.
  • Description of electrodiagnostic protocols, including nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography.
  • Focus on evaluating nerve injury severity, axon loss, and reinnervation.

Main Results:

  • Detailed electrodiagnostic approaches for specific upper extremity nerves are provided.
  • The electrodiagnostic examination aids in assessing nerve damage and predicting recovery.
  • Findings inform therapeutic strategies for joint stability, motion, and muscle strengthening.

Conclusions:

  • Effective electrodiagnostic evaluation is crucial for diagnosing and managing upper extremity nerve injuries.
  • Understanding nerve regeneration and reinnervation guides long-term patient rehabilitation and functional recovery.
  • This review provides a framework for clinicians managing complex nerve entrapments.