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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence
09:54

Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence

Published on: March 8, 2020

Elevated IGF1 in clinical opiate dependence.

Albert Stuart Reece1

  • 1School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Australia. sreece@bigpond.net.au

Neuro Endocrinology Letters
|March 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is elevated in individuals with opiate dependence. This elevation persists even after accounting for age, sex, and markers of hepatic and immune activation, suggesting a direct link.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence
09:54

Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence

Published on: March 8, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) plays a crucial role in growth and metabolism.
  • Opiate dependence is a complex condition with significant physiological impacts.
  • Understanding hormonal changes in opiate use disorder is vital for comprehensive treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare serum IGF1 levels between opiate-dependent patients and non-dependent individuals.
  • To determine if IGF1 levels differ absolutely and after adjustments for demographic and clinical factors.

Main Methods:

  • A naturalistic observational study comparing 74 opiate substance use dependent (SUD) patients with 262 non-SUD patients in a primary care setting.
  • IGF1 levels were analyzed comparatively and adjusted for age, sex, and biomarkers of hepatic (ALT) and immune (CRP) activation.
  • Statistical analyses included comparative statistics and multiple regression models to assess interactions.

Main Results:

  • Opiate-dependent patients exhibited significantly higher serum IGF1 levels compared to controls, both absolutely and after age and sex corrections.
  • Even when controlling for age, sex, hepatic inflammation (ALT), and immune activation (CRP), opiate dependence remained a significant predictor of elevated IGF1.
  • An additive model indicated a 23.8% elevation in IGF1 in opiate dependence, with significant interactions observed with age, sex, and ALT.

Conclusions:

  • Serum IGF1 is demonstrably elevated in individuals with opiate dependence.
  • This elevation is independent of age, sex, and markers of hepatic and immune activation.
  • The findings suggest a potential role for IGF1 dysregulation in the pathophysiology of opiate use disorder.