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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia.

Soonho Kwon1, Kathie L Hermayer2, Kathie Hermayer2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina..

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
|March 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia significantly impacts patients with and without diabetes. Early recognition and proactive management are crucial for improving care in patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy.

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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)
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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Glucocorticoids are widely used medications with significant metabolic side effects.
  • Glucocorticoid therapy can lead to hyperglycemia, increasing risks for patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish treatment guidelines for glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia.
  • To elucidate the clinical implications of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review of articles published between 1980 and September 2012.
  • Analysis of electronic search results from Medline.

Main Results:

  • Glucocorticoid use is associated with an increased odds ratio for new-onset diabetes mellitus (1.36-2.31).
  • Abnormal glucose metabolism affects 17%-32% of renal transplant patients on glucocorticoids.
  • Sustained glucocorticoid treatment elevates cardiovascular disease risk, influenced by dose, duration, age, and BMI.

Conclusions:

  • Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia has major clinical consequences for all patients, regardless of prior diabetes status.
  • Prompt identification and proactive management of hyperglycemia enhance patient care.
  • Effective treatments exist for both inpatient and outpatient settings.