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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...

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Related Experiment Video

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Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
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A huge bladder calculus causing acute renal failure.

Mitsuru Komeya, Tamami Sahoda, Shinpei Sugiura

    Urolithiasis
    |March 28, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A large bladder stone caused acute renal failure in an 81-year-old male. Surgical removal of the stone and bladder decompression improved kidney function, highlighting bladder calculus as a rare cause of renal failure.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Urology

    Background:

    • Acute renal failure (ARF) can have various causes, including obstructive uropathy.
    • Bladder calculus, while uncommon, can lead to significant urinary tract issues.

    Observation:

    • An 81-year-old male presented with ARF (serum creatinine 276 μmol/l).
    • CT scan revealed bilateral hydronephroureter and a large bladder stone (7x6x6 cm), causing bladder wall thickening.

    Findings:

    • The patient was diagnosed with post-renal failure secondary to bilateral hydronephroureter, attributed to the large bladder stone.
    • Following open cystolithotomy and urethral catheterization, serum creatinine decreased to 224 μmol/l within three days.

    Implications:

    • This case underscores bladder calculus as a rare but serious cause of ARF.
    • Persistent pyuria, urinary symptoms, and recurrent UTIs may predispose individuals to developing massive bladder stones leading to renal failure.