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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response01:26

Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response

Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-lived physiological response to tissue injury or infection, designed to eliminate harmful agents and initiate repair. This tightly regulated process typically lasts from minutes to several days and is triggered by factors such as microbial invasion, physical trauma, or chemical injury.Recognition and Mediator ReleaseThe inflammatory response begins when resident immune cells—such as mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells—detect damage-associated...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

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Induction of Diffuse Axonal Brain Injury in Rats Based on Rotational Acceleration
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Published on: May 9, 2020

Inflammatory response following diffuse axonal injury.

Yu Lin1, Liang Wen

  • 1School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, China.

International Journal of Medical Sciences
|March 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves inflammation. Immune cells and inflammatory factors like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-ɑ increase around axonal injury sites, suggesting inflammation plays a role in DAI.

Keywords:
Diffuse axonal injuryInflammatory response.Traumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Trauma Research

Background:

  • Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a critical cause of mortality and severe disability after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • The precise mechanisms underlying axonal injury in DAI remain incompletely understood.
  • While inflammation is recognized in focal TBI, its role in DAI is less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing studies on the inflammatory response following DAI.
  • To elucidate the potential involvement of inflammatory processes in DAI pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating inflammatory reactions in DAI.
  • Analysis of findings related to immune cell activity and inflammatory factor concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Reactive immune cells are observed around axonal injury sites in DAI.
  • Elevated levels of key inflammatory factors, including the IL-1 family, IL-6, and TNF-ɑ, are detected post-DAI.
  • These findings suggest a link between inflammation and neural injury in DAI.

Conclusions:

  • Inflammatory responses are likely implicated in the neural injury associated with DAI.
  • Current research on inflammation in DAI is limited.
  • Further investigation is required to fully understand the specific effects of inflammation on axonal injury in DAI.