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Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations
08:22

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Multiple supernumeraries in a non-syndromic patient.

Ledesma-Montes C Garcés-Ortíz1, Juan Francisco Salcido-García, Florentino Hernández-Flores

  • 1Pathology Department, Post Graduate and Research Division, Dental Faculty, National University of Mexico, Academician, Dental Faculty, University of Sciences and Art Tuxtla Gutierrez Chiapas, Mexico. cledezma@unam.mx

The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry
|March 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Supernumerary teeth (ST) are rare in non-syndromic patients. This case highlights an unusual instance of a young girl with 12 supernumerary teeth, successfully treated with surgical excision and prosthetics.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Pediatric Dentistry

Background:

  • Supernumerary teeth (ST) are developmental anomalies, infrequently observed in non-syndromic individuals.
  • The presence of multiple ST (10 or more) in non-syndromic patients is exceptionally rare, prompting further investigation into their etiology.

Observation:

  • A case report of a 12-year-old non-syndromic female presenting with 12 supernumerary teeth is detailed.
  • The supernumerary teeth were identified across three quadrants of the mouth, with bicuspids being the most prevalent type.
  • This presentation is highly unusual given the number and distribution of ST in a non-syndromic patient.

Findings:

  • Surgical excision of all 12 supernumerary teeth was performed.
  • Restoration of occlusion and oral functionality was achieved using prosthetic appliances post-surgery.
  • The case contributes to the limited literature on non-syndromic patients with a high number of ST.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of thorough dental examination in pediatric patients, even in the absence of syndromic features.
  • Understanding the origin and management of multiple ST can improve clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.
  • Further research into the genetic and developmental factors contributing to multiple ST in non-syndromic individuals is warranted.