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Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of the IKK-binding Domain of NEMO
13:02

Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of the IKK-binding Domain of NEMO

Published on: December 28, 2019

NemR is a bleach-sensing transcription factor.

Michael J Gray1, Wei-Yun Wholey, Benjamin W Parker

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|March 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Bacteria can sense and respond to bleach using a system involving NemR, a transcription factor that activates detoxification enzymes to enhance survival against reactive chlorine species.

Keywords:
BacteriaGene ExpressionGloAHypochlorous AcidNemROxidative StressReactive Chlorine SpeciesRedox RegulationTranscription Repressor

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial Physiology
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Reactive chlorine species (RCS), like hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in bleach, are potent antimicrobials.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding bacterial mechanisms for sensing and responding to RCS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how bacteria sense and respond to bleach.
  • To identify the molecular components involved in bacterial bleach resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Escherichia coli as a model organism.
  • Identified and characterized the NemR protein as a transcriptional repressor.
  • Assessed the role of NemR in regulating gene expression in response to bleach.

Main Results:

  • NemR acts as a direct sensor for bleach and related RCS.
  • NemR regulates the expression of genes encoding electrophile detoxification enzymes, including glyoxalase I and N-ethylmaleimide reductase.
  • These enzymes contribute to increased bacterial resistance to bleach.

Conclusions:

  • Discovered a novel bacterial system for sensing bleach.
  • NemR-mediated upregulation of detoxification enzymes is a key mechanism for bacterial survival against RCS.
  • This study elucidates a new pathway contributing to bacterial resilience in the presence of antimicrobial agents.