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Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
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Bias01:22

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

Investigating the relationship between predictability and imbalance in minimisation: a simulation study.

Gladys C McPherson1, Marion K Campbell, Diana R Elbourne

  • 1Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, 3rd Floor Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK. g.mcpherson@abdn.ac.uk

Trials
|March 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Restricted randomization, like minimisation, balances patient groups. Choosing the right probability (P) is key for trial balance, especially with multiple prognostic factors, to avoid predictability concerns.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Trials
  • Biostatistics
  • Medical Research Methodology

Background:

  • Restricted randomization methods, such as minimisation, are increasingly used in clinical trials.
  • There is a need to understand conditions favoring restricted randomization for baseline balance across prognostic factors.
  • Concerns exist regarding the deterministic nature of minimisation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate conditions where restricted randomization is preferable for achieving baseline balance.
  • To assess the deterministic nature of minimisation in clinical trial randomization.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated treatment allocation using minimisation as the randomization algorithm.
  • Assessed the certainty of allocation and potential imbalances with varying probabilities (P).
  • Examined the impact of the number and categories of prognostic variables on balance.

Main Results:

  • Overall treatment balance is minimally affected by reducing allocation probability (P).
  • Within-variable balance is sensitive to P < 1, especially with more prognostic variables and categories.
  • The effect of P on balance is magnified by variable complexity and category prevalence.

Conclusions:

  • For smaller trials, a higher P value is needed for balance.
  • Larger trials can use P values from 0.5 to 0.8 while maintaining balance.
  • Minimisation predictability is not significantly reduced with one variable but can be reduced with multiple variables by choosing P appropriately.