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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular01:33

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak carbon–halogen...
SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a polar...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

The Development and Application of Biophysical Assays for Evaluating Ternary Complex Formation Induced by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACS)
07:22

The Development and Application of Biophysical Assays for Evaluating Ternary Complex Formation Induced by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACS)

Published on: January 12, 2024

Targeting the trimolecular complex.

Aaron W Michels1

  • 1Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Court, MS A140, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.

Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
|March 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Major histocompatibility molecules (MHC) influence type 1 diabetes risk. Therapies targeting the trimolecular complex, involving T cell receptors, peptides, and MHC class II, are being developed for type 1 diabetes prevention.

Keywords:
Antigen presentationAutoimmunity;Autoreactive T cells;Diabetes;Immune therapies;Insulin;NODT cell receptorT1DTCRnonobese diabetic mouse.type 1 diabetes

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Method for Identifying Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Protein-protein Interaction Between HCN1 and TRIP8b
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Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

The Development and Application of Biophysical Assays for Evaluating Ternary Complex Formation Induced by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACS)
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Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Class II major histocompatibility molecules (MHC) are implicated in autoimmune disorders, notably type 1 diabetes.
  • The trimolecular complex, comprising CD4(+) T cell receptors, self-peptides, and MHC class II molecules, is crucial in autoimmune disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the components of the anti-insulin trimolecular complex.
  • To examine insulin peptide binding to diabetogenic MHC class II molecules.
  • To discuss therapies targeting the trimolecular complex for type 1 diabetes prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on molecular interactions and therapeutic strategies.
  • Analysis of the role of specific MHC class II alleles in type 1 diabetes.
  • Synthesis of current research on trimolecular complex modulation.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key interactions within the anti-insulin trimolecular complex.
  • Characterization of insulin peptide binding specificities to diabetogenic MHC class II molecules.
  • Overview of emerging therapeutic approaches targeting the trimolecular complex.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the trimolecular complex is vital for developing effective type 1 diabetes prevention strategies.
  • Targeting specific components of the trimolecular complex holds promise for autoimmune disease therapy.