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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

Buckyballs.

Juan L Delgado1, Salvatore Filippone, Francesco Giacalone

  • 1IMDEA-Nanoscience, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.

Topics in Current Chemistry
|March 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores recent advances in fullerene chemistry, focusing on novel derivatives, metal catalysis, and supramolecular assemblies. It highlights the potential of non-IPR fullerenes for future applications in organic electronics.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Fullerenes, or buckyballs, are allotropes of carbon with unique spherical structures.
  • Extensive research has led to diverse fullerene derivatives, including endohedral fullerenes.
  • The chemistry of non-IPR (isolated pentagon rule) fullerenes remains less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in fullerene chemistry.
  • To focus on novel covalent and supramolecular chemistry of fullerenes.
  • To highlight the potential of non-IPR fullerenes and endohedral fullerenes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on fullerene chemistry.
  • Focus on metal-catalyzed reactions and asymmetric synthesis.
  • Exploration of supramolecular chemistry, including H-bonded assemblies and receptor design.
  • Analysis of macromolecular chemistry and endohedral fullerene properties.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in covalent functionalization using metal catalysis.
  • Development of H-bonded fullerene assemblies and concave receptors.
  • Classification of fullerene-containing polymers based on chemical structures.
  • Demonstration of altered photophysical and redox properties in endohedral fullerenes.

Conclusions:

  • Fullerene chemistry has expanded significantly, with novel derivatives and applications.
  • Non-IPR fullerenes represent a promising frontier with vast potential.
  • Endohedral fullerenes offer tunable properties for advanced applications.
  • Fullerenes are crucial for organic electronics, particularly in photovoltaics and molecular wires.