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Related Concept Videos

Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...
Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Protein Families02:47

Protein Families

Protein families are groups of homologous proteins; that is, they have similarities in amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures. Protein families usually occur because of gene duplication, where an additional copy of a gene is inserted into the genome of an organism.   Mutations that change the amino acids but still allow the protein to be properly synthesized, will lead to new protein family members.   If these new proteins contain similar amino acids in key locations, protein...
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
Globular and Fibrous Proteins02:21

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Many proteins can be classified into two distinct subtypes - globular or fibrous. These two types differ in their shapes and solubilities.
Globular proteins are also known as spheroproteins and typically are approximately round in shape. They contain a mix of amino acid types and contain differing sequences in their primary structures. Globular proteins have many different functions, such as enzymes, cellular messengers, and molecular transporters. These roles often require the proteins to be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
09:43

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 9, 2015

Heme sensor proteins.

Hazel M Girvan1, Andrew W Munro

  • 1Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|March 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heme acts as a crucial sensor, not just a transporter. This review explores heme sensor proteins and their roles in regulating cellular responses and gene expression.

Keywords:
Carbon MonoxideCircadian RhythmsCytochromesGas SensorsGene RegulationHemeNitric OxideNuclear ReceptorsOxygenRedox Sensor

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Heme is traditionally known for oxygen transport and catalysis.
  • Emerging roles include sensing gases (O2, NO) and cellular redox state.
  • Heme also acts as a signaling molecule regulating cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions of heme sensor proteins.
  • To highlight heme's extended roles beyond traditional functions.
  • To explore heme's involvement in cellular signaling and gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on heme sensor proteins.
  • Analysis of studies on heme binding and signaling mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of information on heme's regulatory roles.

Main Results:

  • Heme sensor proteins mediate cellular responses to gas levels.
  • Reversible heme binding allows signaling for gene expression.
  • Heme regulates pathways like circadian rhythms and its own synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Heme sensor proteins are critical for cellular homeostasis and adaptation.
  • Understanding these proteins expands knowledge of heme's multifaceted roles.
  • Heme's signaling capacity is key to diverse biological pathways.