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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption01:22

Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, extending from the mouth to the anus, plays a pivotal role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. This process involves both mechanical and chemical actions facilitated by various enzymes.
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food undergoes mechanical breakdown by chewing and combines with saliva. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva, starts the breakdown of starches into maltose. The food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach.
In the stomach, a...
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Carbohydrate Digestion00:57

Carbohydrate Digestion

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Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth during mastication, or chewing. The masticated carbohydrates remain intact in the stomach. Digestion resumes in the duodenum of the small intestine, where pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes of the microvilli convert complex carbohydrates to monosaccharides. Finally, the monosaccharides...
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What is Monogastric Digestion?01:50

What is Monogastric Digestion?

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The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
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Lipid Digestion01:06

Lipid Digestion

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Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific steps the body must take to break down lipids and make them available for use.
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Protein Digestion01:02

Protein Digestion

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Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of polypeptide chains. After polypeptide chains are broken into individual amino acids by a series of digestive enzymes, the amino acids are transported to the liver via the bloodstream to produce energy.
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Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System01:26

Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System

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The human digestive system is an intricate and essential network for nutrient absorption and waste elimination. It encompasses the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and several accessory organs.
Here's a detailed walkthrough of this complex system:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
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Upper gastrointestinal microbiota and digestive diseases.

Zi-Kai Wang1, Yun-Sheng Yang

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Beijing 100853, China.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|March 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Metagenomics reveals the upper gastrointestinal microbiota

Area of Science:

  • Microbial ecology
  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Metagenomics offers novel insights into microbial communities without cultivation.
  • Human microbiome research predominantly focuses on the lower gastrointestinal tract.
  • The upper gastrointestinal tract's microbiota and its role in disease are understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current findings on the upper gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • To explore the relationship between upper GI microbiota and digestive diseases.
  • To identify research limitations and future directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on upper gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Analysis of metagenomic studies concerning the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
Keywords:
16S rDNADigestive diseasesMetagenomicsMicrobiotaUpper gastrointestinal tract

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  • Synthesis of data on microbial composition, diversity, and function.

    • Main Results:

    • The upper gastrointestinal microbiota plays a role in diseases like gastritis, GERD, and esophageal cancer.
    • Significant gaps exist in understanding microbial diversity and function across different upper GI regions and disease states.
    • Current research highlights the need for more comprehensive studies.

    Conclusions:

    • The upper gastrointestinal microbiota is crucial in digestive health and disease.
    • Further research is needed to define the upper GI microbiome's composition, function, and role in pathogenesis.
    • Metagenomics is key to advancing our understanding of the upper GI microbiome.