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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice
04:36

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Published on: January 12, 2024

Diabetic retinopathy in children.

Gregory P Forlenza1, Michael W Stewart

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics University of Florida, USA.

Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER
|April 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss, even in children and adolescents. Understanding risk factors and improving screening are crucial for early detection and prevention of blindness.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a primary cause of vision loss in working-aged adults.
  • While often considered low-risk, DR has been diagnosed in pediatric patients as young as 5.5 years, with severe cases leading to adolescent blindness.
  • Microvascular complications, including DR, commonly emerge during puberty, highlighting the need for vigilant screening during adolescence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of early diabetic retinopathy detection in pediatric and adolescent populations.
  • To explore the role of risk factors, including genetic abnormalities, in developing effective screening strategies.
  • To discuss the potential of advanced imaging technologies for in-office retinopathy screening.

Main Methods:

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Studying Diabetes Through the Eyes of a Fish: Microdissection, Visualization, and Analysis of the Adult tg(fli:EGFP) Zebrafish Retinal Vasculature
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Studying Diabetes Through the Eyes of a Fish: Microdissection, Visualization, and Analysis of the Adult tg(fli:EGFP) Zebrafish Retinal Vasculature

Published on: December 26, 2017

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model
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Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice
04:36

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Published on: January 12, 2024

Studying Diabetes Through the Eyes of a Fish: Microdissection, Visualization, and Analysis of the Adult tg(fli:EGFP) Zebrafish Retinal Vasculature
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Studying Diabetes Through the Eyes of a Fish: Microdissection, Visualization, and Analysis of the Adult tg(fli:EGFP) Zebrafish Retinal Vasculature

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Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model
09:11

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

Published on: May 6, 2022

  • Review of existing literature on diabetic retinopathy in pediatric populations.
  • Analysis of risk factors, including diabetes duration and genetic predispositions.
  • Discussion of current retinopathy screening protocols and adherence challenges.
  • Exploration of emerging imaging technologies for DR detection.

    • Main Results:

    • Diabetic retinopathy can occur in very young patients and lead to severe vision loss in adolescents.
    • Poor adherence to current retinopathy screening protocols by patients and physicians is a significant barrier.
    • Identification of genetic factors may allow for more targeted screening approaches.
    • Technological advancements offer potential for improved in-office screening capabilities.

    Conclusions:

    • Early detection of diabetic retinopathy is critical in pediatric and adolescent populations due to the risk of vision loss.
    • Enhanced understanding of risk factors and improved screening adherence are necessary.
    • Advances in imaging technology hold promise for more efficient and accessible retinopathy screening.