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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 14, 2021

Drug-induced parkinsonism.

José López-Sendón¹, Maria A Mena, Justo G de Yébenes

¹Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Servicio de Neurología, CIBERNED, Ctra de Colmenar Km 9,100, Madrid, 28034, Spain.

Expert Opinion on Drug Safety

|April 2, 2013

Summary

Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is a common condition often overlooked by physicians. Early recognition and drug withdrawal are key management strategies, as medications like anticholinergics or levodopa offer no proven benefit.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Pharmacology

Background:

Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is the second leading cause of parkinsonism, frequently associated with various medications beyond antipsychotics.
Despite its prevalence, DIP is often underrecognized by the medical community.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the concept, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic methods for DIP.
To discuss causative agents, pathogenic mechanisms, and management strategies for DIP.

Main Methods:

Literature review on drug-induced parkinsonism.
Analysis of epidemiological data, clinical features, and diagnostic tests.
Discussion of pathogenic mechanisms and treatment recommendations.

Main Results:

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MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

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Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

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MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

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DIP presents with parkinsonian symptoms due to various drug classes.

Early identification and discontinuation of the offending agent are crucial.

Switching to lower-risk medications may be necessary if withdrawal is not feasible.

Conclusions:

Vigilance for DIP is essential, especially in the elderly and polypharmacy patients.
Cessation of the causative drug is the primary treatment; anticholinergics and levodopa lack proven efficacy.
Medication adjustment is recommended when drug withdrawal is impossible.