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Related Concept Videos

Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Globular Proteins01:27

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins can be broadly classified into two distinct subtypes based on their shape and solubilities: globular proteins and fibrous proteins.
Globular proteins serve many important physiological functions, such as acting as enzymes, cellular messengers, and molecular transporters. These roles often require the proteins to be soluble in the aqueous...
Globular and Fibrous Proteins02:21

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Many proteins can be classified into two distinct subtypes - globular or fibrous. These two types differ in their shapes and solubilities.
Globular proteins are also known as spheroproteins and typically are approximately round in shape. They contain a mix of amino acid types and contain differing sequences in their primary structures. Globular proteins have many different functions, such as enzymes, cellular messengers, and molecular transporters. These roles often require the proteins to be...
Globular and Fibrous Proteins02:21

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Many proteins can be classified into two distinct subtypes - globular or fibrous. These two types differ in their shapes and solubilities.
Globular proteins are also known as spheroproteins and typically are approximately round in shape. They contain a mix of amino acid types and contain differing sequences in their primary structures. Globular proteins have many different functions, such as enzymes, cellular messengers, and molecular transporters. These roles often require the proteins to be...
Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria01:29

Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria

Bacterial cells were initially considered simple, randomly organized structures lacking a cytoskeleton. However, the discovery of cytoskeleton homologs in bacteria led to the change of this opinion. Bacterial cytoskeletal filaments regulate the cell shape, cell polarity, cell division, and partitioning of plasmids during cell division. It was later discovered that bacterial cytoskeletal proteins, mainly actin and tubulin homologs, are diverse compared to their eukaryotic counterparts. On the...
Protein Families02:47

Protein Families

Protein families are groups of homologous proteins; that is, they have similarities in amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures. Protein families usually occur because of gene duplication, where an additional copy of a gene is inserted into the genome of an organism.   Mutations that change the amino acids but still allow the protein to be properly synthesized, will lead to new protein family members.   If these new proteins contain similar amino acids in key locations, protein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Staphylococcus aureus Growth using Human Hemoglobin as an Iron Source
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Staphylococcus aureus Growth using Human Hemoglobin as an Iron Source

Published on: February 7, 2013

Bacterial and archaeal globins - a revised perspective.

Serge N Vinogradov1, Mariana Tinajero-Trejo, Robert K Poole

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|April 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial and archaeal genomes frequently contain globin genes, classified into M, S, and T families. These globins likely function in nitric oxide detoxification and oxygen sensing, though in vivo roles are rarely proven.

Keywords:
AdgbArchaeaBacteriaCygbFHbGCSGbEGbXGbYHGTHbHemoglobinLECALast Universal Eukaryote Common AncestorMbNgbPgbProkaryoteSDgbSSDgbandroglobincytoglobinflavohaemoglobinglobin Eglobin Xglobin Yglobin-coupled sensorhaemoglobinhorizontal gene transfermyoglobinneuroglobinprotoglobinsensor single domain 3/3 globin related to the N-terminal of GCSs.single domain 3/3 globin related to the N-terminal of FHbs

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Published on: March 10, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Globins are heme-containing proteins involved in oxygen transport and sensing.
  • Previous studies have identified diverse globin types across different life forms.
  • The evolutionary history and functional diversity of bacterial and archaeal globins remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive bioinformatics survey of putative globins in bacterial and archaeal genomes.
  • To classify identified globins into families and subfamilies based on structural and sequence features.
  • To explore the distribution, combinations, and potential functions of these globins in prokaryotes.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of over 2200 bacterial and 140 archaeal genomes.
  • Classification of globins into M, S, and T families based on the myoglobin fold.
  • Identification of globin subfamilies, including flavohemoglobins (FHbs), single domain globins (SDgbs), globin-coupled sensors (GCSs), protoglobins (Pgbs), sensor single domain globins (SSDgbs), and truncated hemoglobins (TrHbs).

Main Results:

  • Over half of bacterial and approximately one-fifth of archaeal genomes encode globins.
  • Globins were classified into three main families: M (myoglobin-like), S (sensor), and T (truncated).
  • Eight globin subfamilies were identified, with 83 out of 147 possible combinations observed across genomes. The FHb+TrHb2 combination was most frequent.
  • Smallest globin-bearing genomes were found in the SAR11 clade and Aquificae. Methylacidiphilum infernorum possessed all three globin families.
  • Potential functions include nitric oxide detoxification and oxygen sensing.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial and archaeal genomes harbor a significant diversity of globin genes.
  • The classification into M, S, and T families provides a framework for understanding globin evolution and function.
  • While nitric oxide detoxification and oxygen sensing are proposed functions, in vivo evidence remains limited for most identified globins.