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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
Probability Laws01:49

Probability Laws

Overview
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...

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Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia
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Familial sinistrals avoid exact numbers.

Uli Sauerland1, Nicole Gotzner

  • 1Department of Linguistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America. uli@alum.mit.edu

Plos One
|April 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Familial sinistrals, those with left-handed relatives, use rounder numbers in surveys than pure familial dextrals. This suggests differences in number processing linked to brain lateralization and number system evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Handedness, specifically left-handedness, is associated with variations in brain organization and cognitive processing.
  • Previous research suggests potential links between handedness and numerical cognition, but the precise nature of this relationship requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether familial sinistrals (individuals with left-handed relatives) exhibit different numerical estimation patterns compared to pure familial dextrals (exclusively right-handed individuals with exclusively right-handed relatives).
  • To explore the potential cognitive mechanisms underlying any observed differences in numerical estimation, particularly concerning the processing of exact versus approximate quantities.

Main Methods:

  • An internet-based questionnaire was administered to collect numerical estimates for 60 different quantities from participants.
  • Participants were categorized into two groups: familial sinistrals and pure familial dextrals, based on their own and their close blood relatives' handedness.
  • Statistical analysis, including the use of Sigurd's index of number roundness, was employed to compare the roundness of numbers used by the two groups.

Main Results:

  • Familial sinistrals were found to use significantly rounder numbers in their responses compared to pure familial dextrals.
  • Very round numbers (e.g., 100, 1000) were used more frequently by familial sinistrals, while pure familial dextrals favored less round numbers (e.g., 25, 60, 200).
  • The average roundness of numbers reported by familial sinistrals was significantly higher than that of pure familial dextrals.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the hypothesis that familial sinistrals may have a more distributed number processing system across brain hemispheres, potentially leading to greater use of approximate or round numbers.
  • The study provides behavioral evidence for the existence of separate cognitive systems for processing exact and approximate quantities.
  • These results corroborate the view that the approximate number system is evolutionarily older and more bilaterally represented, while the exact number system tends to be more lateralized.