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Related Concept Videos

Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
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Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments01:14

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments

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The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
Arp2/3 Complex
Arp2/3 complex is a seven-subunit complex consisting of two proteins similar to actin- Arp2 and Arp3, and five other subunits that help keep Arp2 and Arp3 inactive. When required, the complex is...
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Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

Actin Filament Depolymerization

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Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
In F-actin, the ADF/cofilin proteins...
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Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility01:13

Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility

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Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics can produce pushing, pulling, and resistance forces that help the cell to migrate....
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Mechanism of Filopodia Formation01:39

Mechanism of Filopodia Formation

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Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
Their main function is to guide migrating cells during normal tissue morphogenesis or cancer metastasis by recognizing and making initial contacts with the extracellular matrix. However, they can also act as stationary cell anchors or help to establish communication...
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Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation

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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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Nicotiana tabacum actin-depolymerizing factor 2 is involved in actin-driven, auxin-dependent patterning.

Steffen Durst1, Peter Nick, Jan Maisch

  • 1Botanical Institute, Molecular Cell Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

Journal of Plant Physiology
|April 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant cell division synchrony relies on auxin flow and actin dynamics. Overexpression of actin depolymerizing factor 2 (ADF2) disrupted this, but could be rescued by PIP2 or phalloidin, highlighting ADF2

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Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Molecular plant science
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Polar auxin transport is crucial for pattern formation in plants.
  • Cell division synchrony in plant cell files is regulated by auxin flow and actin filaments (AF).
  • Actin-binding proteins (ABPs) modulate AF organization and influence cell division.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular mechanisms linking auxin signaling to synchronized cell division.
  • To identify specific ABPs involved in regulating cell division synchrony.
  • To elucidate the role of actin turnover in auxin-mediated cell division.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the tobacco BY-2 cell line (Nicotiana tabacum) as a model system.
  • Generated and analyzed cell lines overexpressing specific ABPs, including GFP-NtADF2.
  • Assessed cell division synchrony and employed rescue experiments with Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phalloidin.

Main Results:

  • Overexpression of actin depolymerizing factor 2 (ADF2) specifically disrupted cell division synchrony in BY-2 cells.
  • The observed defect in division synchrony was rescued by the addition of PIP2 or phalloidin.
  • These findings implicate ADF2-mediated regulation of cortical actin turnover in the auxin signaling pathway.

Conclusions:

  • ADF2 plays a critical role in regulating cortical actin dynamics, which is essential for synchronized cell division.
  • The study establishes a link between auxin signaling, actin reorganization by ADF2, and the coordination of cell division.
  • Targeting ADF2-regulated actin turnover offers a potential mechanism for controlling plant cell division patterns.