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Related Concept Videos

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual, the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter telomeres than other...

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Plant Tissue Culture

Plant Tissue Culture

Plant tissue culture is widely used in both primary and applied science. Applications range from plant development studies to functional gene studies, crop improvement, commercial micropropagation, virus elimination, and conservation of rare species.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

CRISPR-based Shuttle Cloning: A High-throughput Cloning Method

CRISPR-based Shuttle Cloning: A High-throughput Cloning Method

Published on: June 13, 2025

Cloning technologies.

Andrew Fontes¹

¹Primary and Stem Cell Systems, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|April 3, 2013

Summary

Efficient cloning technologies, including TOPO TA and Multisite Gateway systems, accelerate the creation of engineered human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines for stem cell research.

Area of Science:

Stem Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Biotechnology

Background:

Realizing the potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) is hindered by the lack of efficient and reliable engineering methods.
Advanced cloning technologies are crucial for developing versatile and functional engineered hESC lines.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and evaluate efficient cloning technologies for engineering human embryonic stem cells.
To provide scientists with advanced tools for dissecting stem cell biology through high-throughput genetic manipulation.

Main Methods:

Utilized TOPO® TA cloning kits for efficient gene amplification and vector insertion with minimal purification.
Introduced the Multisite Gateway® system, a platform based on integrase technology, for complex cloning procedures.

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A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

Published on: December 19, 2025

A High-throughput Automated Platform for the Development of Manufacturing Cell Lines for Protein Therapeutics

A High-throughput Automated Platform for the Development of Manufacturing Cell Lines for Protein Therapeutics

Published on: September 22, 2011

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

CRISPR-based Shuttle Cloning: A High-throughput Cloning Method

CRISPR-based Shuttle Cloning: A High-throughput Cloning Method

Published on: June 13, 2025

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

Published on: December 19, 2025

A High-throughput Automated Platform for the Development of Manufacturing Cell Lines for Protein Therapeutics

A High-throughput Automated Platform for the Development of Manufacturing Cell Lines for Protein Therapeutics

Published on: September 22, 2011

Employed high-throughput methods for clone selection and combining genetic elements across platforms.

Main Results:

TOPO® TA cloning kits enable efficient gene insertion into target vectors.
The Multisite Gateway® system facilitates the generation of complex, multicistronic gene configurations.
These technologies streamline the process of creating engineered hESC lines.

Conclusions:

Efficient cloning technologies are essential for advancing human embryonic stem cell engineering.
The TOPO® TA and Multisite Gateway® systems offer versatile and high-throughput solutions for genetic manipulation in stem cell research.
These tools empower scientists to develop novel approaches for studying stem cell biology.