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Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
10:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: July 22, 2008

Polycomb complex recruitment in pluripotent stem cells.

Maria J Barrero1, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte

  • 1Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.

Nature Cell Biology
|April 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Polycomb group (PcG) silencing complex recruitment in mammalian cells is complex. New findings show Kdm2b can recruit Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) independently of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) via CpG islands.

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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08:56

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and chromatin biology
  • Gene regulation in mammalian cells
  • Stem cell biology

Background:

  • Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are crucial epigenetic regulators.
  • Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) and Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) are key PcG components.
  • The precise mechanisms of PcG complex recruitment to target loci are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate alternative mechanisms of PRC1 recruitment to chromatin.
  • To explore the role of Kdm2b in PcG complex targeting.
  • To understand PRC1 recruitment in pluripotent stem cells.

Main Methods:

  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays.
  • Analysis of Kdm2b binding to CpG islands.
  • Assessment of PRC1 complex association with Kdm2b targets.

Main Results:

  • Kdm2b binds to unmethylated CpG islands.
  • Kdm2b facilitates the recruitment of a subset of PRC1 complexes.
  • This recruitment is independent of PRC2 activity and H3K27 methylation.

Conclusions:

  • Kdm2b mediates PRC2-independent PRC1 recruitment.
  • CpG island recognition by Kdm2b offers an alternative pathway for PRC1 targeting.
  • These findings reveal novel insights into epigenetic gene silencing mechanisms in stem cells.