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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

Two-dimensional structure from random multiparticle X-ray scattering images using cross-correlations.

B Pedrini1, A Menzel, M Guizar-Sicairos

  • 1Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland. bill.pedrini@psi.ch

Nature Communications
|April 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhances X-ray scattering analysis by extracting single-particle diffraction patterns from intensity correlations. This method achieves 15 nm resolution for macromolecular shape determination, independent of particle numbers.

More Related Videos

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
07:19

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
07:19

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Biophysics
  • X-ray scattering techniques

Background:

  • Understanding biological macromolecule structure in native environments is key to function.
  • X-ray small-angle scattering (SAS) provides particle shape information in solution but is limited by orientation averaging.
  • Kam's 1977 proposal suggested using intensity cross-correlations for enhanced structural data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a 2D cross-correlation method for extracting single-particle diffraction patterns.
  • To achieve model-independent structural information from scattering data.
  • To demonstrate the method's application to synchrotron X-ray scattering images.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a 2D cross-correlation procedure to extract single-particle diffraction patterns.
  • Applied the method to synchrotron X-ray scattering data from randomly oriented particles (350/200 nm).
  • Utilized correlation analysis of scattering intensities to overcome orientation averaging limitations.

Main Results:

  • Successfully extracted single-particle diffraction patterns in a model-independent manner.
  • Reconstructed particle shapes with a resolution of 15 nm.
  • Demonstrated that the resolution is independent of the number of scatterers analyzed.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 2D cross-correlation method significantly improves structural resolution in X-ray scattering.
  • This technique offers a pathway for high-resolution 'snapshot' scattering of molecules in liquid phases.
  • The findings have implications for future studies using X-ray free-electron lasers.