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Related Concept Videos

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Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Robotic-Guided Stereoelectroencephalography for Invasive Epilepsy Monitoring
11:28

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Published on: June 13, 2025

Image-guided intracranial endosonography.

Naureen Keric1, Sven R Kantelhardt, Axel Neulen

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. naureen.keric@unimedizin-mainz.de

Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology
|April 5, 2013
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Image-guided intracranial endosonography (IGIE) offers high-definition imaging and real-time monitoring of the brain. This technique shows promise for evaluating sedated patients and detecting intracranial lesions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Medical Ultrasound

Background:

  • The skull limits traditional sonography, necessitating alternative methods for intracranial imaging in sedated patients.
  • Computed tomography (CT) scans are standard but may not be ideal for continuous monitoring.
  • Intracranial endosonography's clinical utility remains unevaluated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the suitability of an image-guided intracranial endosonography (IGIE) catheter for intracranial ultrasound imaging.
  • To evaluate IGIE in both an ex vivo phantom model and a large animal model.

Main Methods:

  • IGIE was tested in a cranial phantom and a porcine intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) model.
  • Anesthetized animals underwent MRI, followed by endosonography catheter placement.
  • Experimental ICH was induced, and B-scan, Doppler sonography, and repeat MRI were performed with image guidance.

Main Results:

  • IGIE produced high-definition images of intracranial structures and enabled intuitive identification.
  • Doppler imaging facilitated analysis of intracranial blood flow.
  • Real-time monitoring of ICH evolution and brain edema was achieved with high spatial accuracy (<5 mm mismatch with MRI).

Conclusions:

  • IGIE provides high-definition intracranial imaging, Doppler blood flow analysis, and real-time lesion monitoring.
  • This technique may be a valuable tool for long-term intracranial monitoring in sedated patients.