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Updated: May 12, 2026

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication
Published on: June 14, 2024
The unfolded protein response triggered by environmental factors
1Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan. masanori@yamanashi.ac.jp
Abstract:
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequent unfolded protein response (UPR) are involved in a diverse range of pathologies including ischemic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. The UPR is also triggered by various environmental factors; e.g., pollutants, infectious pathogens, therapeutic drugs, alcohol, physical stress, and malnutrition. This review summarizes current knowledge on environmental factors that induce ER stress and describes how the UPR is linked to particular pathological states after exposure to environmental triggers.
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